The present study is a descriptive–correlational research employing structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the complex interplay between emotional and cognitive factors in predicting job burnout. Specifically, the aim was to investigate the extent to which alexithymia and information processing style contribute to burnout, while resilience was considered as a mediating variable that could potentially buffer these effects. To achieve this, four well-established instruments were utilized: the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) to assess burnout dimensions, the Rational–Experiential Inventory (REI) to measure cognitive processing styles, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) to evaluate difficulties in emotional awareness and expression, and the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) to capture adaptive coping capacity. The statistical population consisted of all employed students at the University of Isfahan during the second half of the academic year 2025. From this population, 220 participants were selected through convenience sampling and completed the aforementioned questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SEM techniques, and the results revealed that both alexithymia and information processing style exert significant direct effects on job burnout, while also influencing it indirectly through resilience. These findings highlight the importance of resilience as a protective factor and provide valuable implications for managers and human resource specialists in designing evidence-based interventions aimed at strengthening employees’ emotional regulation and cognitive flexibility, thereby reducing burnout and promoting mental health in organizational settings.